C01

Adolescence is a key stage in the life history of humans, which are long-lived, slow-growing animals. Biological anthropology has seen adolescence as unique to humans, based on physical changes that do not occur in other animals. However, this phase is also marked by significant changes in behavior and social life. During adolescence, humans build relationships beyond their kin group and learn the social skills needed for adulthood. By delaying reproduction, humans gain extra time to learn and acquire essential knowledge and skills to survive in challenging environments and build broader social networks. Interestingly, similar patterns can be observed in some nonhuman animals. Our study examines the behavioral and social development that occurs during the immature phase in hominids, especially orangutans, who also experience a prolonged period of immaturity. By studying these processes, we aim to understand better how the extended period of immaturity contributes to the development of complex social behaviors, ultimately leading to what we consider “humanness.” This research sheds light on the evolutionary importance of adolescence and its role in shaping the social and adaptive skills necessary for survival and thriving in diverse environments.